Tower Bridge, an iconic symbol of London, stands as a testament to Victorian engineering and architectural prowess. Completed in 1894, this combined bascule and suspension bridge has become one of the most recognizable landmarks in the world. This article delves into the history, design, and cultural significance of Tower Bridge, offering a comprehensive guide for those seeking to understand and appreciate this remarkable structure.
History of Tower Bridge
The late 19th century witnessed a surge in London’s population and commercial activity, particularly in the East End. This growth necessitated a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. However, constructing a conventional fixed bridge would have obstructed the passage of tall ships to the vital port facilities located between London Bridge and the Tower of London1. To address this challenge, a Special Bridge or Subway Committee was formed in 1876 to explore solutions1. After reviewing over 50 proposals, the committee selected a design by Sir Horace Jones, the City Architect, in partnership with engineer John Wolfe Barry2.
Construction commenced on April 22, 1886, and involved a workforce of 432 construction workers3. The project took eight years to complete at a cost of £1,184,000 and required over 70,000 tons of concrete for the foundation, 11,000 tons of steel for the framework, and approximately 31 million bricks2. Sadly, Sir Horace Jones passed away in 1887 and did not witness the bridge’s completion. George D. Stevenson took over as architect and incorporated the now-iconic Victorian Gothic style2.
On June 30, 1894, Tower Bridge was officially opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales in a grand ceremony1. The bridge was hailed as a marvel of engineering and quickly became a symbol of London’s progress and modernity1.
Architecture and Design
Tower Bridge exhibits a unique blend of architectural styles, primarily Victorian Gothic and Neo-Gothic5. This design choice was influenced by Queen Victoria’s desire for the bridge to harmonize with the nearby Tower of London6. The bridge’s towers, clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone, echo the architectural features of the Tower, creating a sense of visual continuity6. Each tower is topped with gold-gilded crests, adding to the bridge’s grandeur8.
Interestingly, the original design by Horace Jones featured an arch instead of the current high-level walkways9. However, this design was later modified to incorporate the iconic walkways.
The bridge’s most distinctive feature is its bascule design, which allows the central span to be raised for passing ships10. The total length of the bridge, including the abutments, is 940 feet1. Each bascule, or leaf, weighs over 1,000 tons and is counterbalanced to minimize the force required for lifting11. The original raising mechanism was powered by pressurized water stored in six hydraulic accumulators9. This hydraulic system was powered by steam engines, which were later replaced by an electro-hydraulic system in 197612.
The bridge also features two high-level walkways, situated 42 meters above the Thames5. These walkways were initially intended to provide pedestrian access even when the bascules were raised. However, due to low usage and concerns about crime, they were closed in 1910 and reopened in 1982, primarily to provide a pedestrian route across the bridge3. The walkways are now also part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition12.
Construction
The construction of Tower Bridge was a complex undertaking that involved innovative engineering techniques. To support the massive structure, two enormous piers were sunk deep into the riverbed, reaching a depth of almost 8 meters8. Divers played a crucial role in excavating the riverbed and ensuring the stability of the foundations7.
Over 11,000 tons of steel provided the framework for the towers and walkways3. This steel structure was then clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone, not only for aesthetic purposes but also to protect the steelwork from the elements7. The bridge’s construction required the use of over 2 million rivets to connect the steel components14.
Current Use and Maintenance
Today, Tower Bridge serves as a vital transportation link in London, with over 40,000 people and approximately 21,000 vehicles crossing it daily15. It carries the London Inner Ring Road and remains a crucial route for vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists1. To manage traffic flow and preserve the bridge’s structure, a speed restriction of 32 km/h and an 18-ton weight limit are imposed on vehicles15. The bridge is owned and maintained by the City Bridge Foundation, a charitable trust established in 12821.
Despite its age, Tower Bridge continues to operate as a bascule bridge, with the bascules being raised around 850 times each year to allow the passage of large vessels12. Any vessel with a mast or superstructure exceeding 30 feet can request a bridge lift, provided they give 24 hours’ notice13. Originally, river traffic passing beneath the bridge was required to follow specific rules and signals9.
Maintaining Tower Bridge is an ongoing task. Regular maintenance includes painting, cleaning, and updating essential components16. Interestingly, the bridge was originally brown and was painted red, white, and blue in 1977 for the Queen’s Silver Jubilee. Major renovations are carried out every 25 years to ensure the bridge’s structural integrity. An interesting fact: by law, a bundle of hay must be suspended from Tower Bridge when work is being carried out8.
Cultural Significance
Tower Bridge has become an enduring symbol of London and is deeply embedded in the city’s cultural identity17. Its image is widely used in tourism campaigns, films, television shows, and other media5. The bridge has been featured in numerous films, including “Spider-Man: Far From Home,” where the bridge is dramatically damaged during a battle with the villain Mysterio, and “Sherlock Holmes.” 5 It has also made appearances in popular television series like “Friends,” with a memorable scene where the characters visit the bridge during a trip to London, and “Doctor Who.” 5
The bridge’s cultural significance extends beyond its visual representation. It has played a role in shaping the development of the South Bank area, which has become a thriving cultural and entertainment district9. Tower Bridge also serves as a reminder of London’s rich history and its position as a global city9.
Visiting Tower Bridge
Tower Bridge is a popular tourist attraction, offering visitors a chance to explore its history and inner workings. The Tower Bridge Exhibition provides access to the bridge’s towers, high-level walkways, and Victorian Engine Rooms1. The exhibition also features a permanent display of photography and art related to bridges from around the world20.
Opening Hours:
Tower Bridge is generally open daily from 9:30 am to 6:00 pm, with last entry at 5:00 pm21. However, it is advisable to check the official website for the most up-to-date information, as opening hours may vary during holidays or special events22.
Relaxed Opening Hours:
On the second Saturday of every month, from 9:30 am to 11:30 am, Tower Bridge offers Relaxed Opening hours for visitors with disabilities. These hours provide a quieter and more accommodating environment with adjusted lighting and sound levels, trained staff, and sensory items to help visitors feel comfortable23.
Ticket Prices:
| Ticket Type | Price (£) |
|---|---|
| Adult | 13.40 |
| Child (aged 5-15) | 6.70 |
| Disabled Adult | 10.10 |
| Disabled Child (aged 5-15) | 5.00 |
| Companion | Free |
| Student (aged 16+ with ID) | 10.10 |
| Senior (aged 60+ with ID) | 10.10 |
| Under 5s | Free |
What to Expect:
A visit to Tower Bridge offers a unique experience. Visitors can:
- Climb the North Tower via a wide staircase with numerous displays about the bridge’s history and construction. An elevator is also available for those who need it24.
- Walk across the high-level walkways, enjoying panoramic views of London24.
- Experience the thrill of walking on the glass floor panels in the walkways, providing a dizzying view of the road and river below25.
- Explore the Victorian Engine Rooms, which once helped open the bridge 20 to 30 times a day, and learn about the bridge’s original operating mechanisms25.
- Discover the history of the bridge through interactive exhibits and displays26.
Conclusion
Tower Bridge is more than just a bridge; it is an architectural marvel and a symbol of London’s resilience, innovation, and rich history. Its Victorian Gothic design, chosen to complement the nearby Tower of London, reflects the city’s architectural heritage. The bridge’s innovative bascule mechanism and counterbalancing system showcase Victorian engineering ingenuity. Tower Bridge has adapted to modern needs with the transition from steam-powered hydraulics to an electro-hydraulic system, while still retaining its original function. Its enduring presence on the River Thames has shaped the city’s landscape and cultural identity, inspiring artists, filmmakers, and writers. Whether admired from afar or explored up close, Tower Bridge offers a captivating experience for all who encounter it.
Works cited
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